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The National Archives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 10.ģBrian Niiya. February 19, 1942.ĢUnited States, National Archives and Records Administration, Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from

Despite these efforts, the Executive Order 9066 was not overturned until late 1944, with the case of Ex parte Mitsuye Endo in which the Supreme Court ruled that the Executive Order was unconstitutional since two-thirds of the population being incarcerated were Japanese Americans who were United States birthright citizens and were stripped of their rights as citizens because of their ethnicity 3.ġPresident Franklin D. There was some opposition to the incarceration, leading to several court cases in an attempt to overturn the executive order. government could not continue to detain a citizen who was 'concededly loyal' to the United States. This led to the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast. 283 (1944), was a United States Supreme Court ex parte decision handed down on December 18, 1944, in which the Justices unanimously ruled that the U.S. Public Law 503, enacted in March 1942, allowed courts to enforce military orders given resulting from Executive Order 9066 2. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which allowed the Secretary of War and other military commanders to establish military zones where people, including citizens, could be excluded from these areas 1. Read the Case Background and Key Question. The Endo case resulted in victory, but sidestepped the question of constitutional rights by holding only the War Relocation Authority (WRA) accountable being a law-abiding citizen, the WRA had no legal grounds to detain her. Bush, Letter from President Bush to Internees (1991) Duty of Absolute Candor: Katyal Blog Post (2011) Activities.

When Pearl Harbor occurred, the FBI immediately began arresting people on these so called “ABC” lists, putting them in detention facilities. Assess the Supreme Court’s decision in Korematsu v. Prior to Pearl Harbor, the FBI began putting Japanese, Italian, and German enemy aliens on lists in the event of war. The Endo case (Ex parte Mitsuye Endo) 323 U.S. As relations between the United States and Japan strained, many expected that war would come soon. In October 1944, the Endo and Korematsu cases were both argued before the U.S. National Archives and Records AdministrationĪnti-Japanese sentiment had been growing since the end of the 1800’s when Japanese immigrants began seeking work in the United States.